THIS IS A QUICK GUIDE TO THE APA REFERENCING STYLE (7TH EDITION): apa-quick-guideapa-quick-guide

Ausführliche Fassung weiter unten: Stand vom Juni 2023

IN-TEXT

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To cite information directly or indirectly, there are two ways to acknowledge citations: 1) Make it a part of a sentence or 2) put it in parentheses at the end of the sentence.

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Direct quotation – use double quotation marks around the quote and include page numbers
1) Cohen and Lotan (2014) argue that „many different kinds of abilities are essential for any profession“ (p. 151).
2) “Many different kinds of abilities are essential for any profession“ (Cohen & Lotan, 2014, p. 151).

N.B. See the Library’s APA webpage for a quotation of 40 or more words.

Indirect quotation/paraphrasing/summarising – no quotation marks
1) According to Cohen and Lotan (2014), professional knowledge alone does not make someone a very capable professional.
2) Professional knowledge alone does not make someone a very capable professional (Cohen & Lotan, 2014).

N.B. Page numbers are optional when paraphrasing, although it is useful to include them (Publication Manual, p. 269).

Citations from a secondary source
1) Gould’s (1981, as cited in Cohen & Lotan, 2014) research “raises fundamental doubts as to whether we can continue to think of intelligence as unidimensional” (pp. 151-152).
2) Intelligence cannot be believed to consist of one single entity any more (Gould, 1981, as cited in Cohen & Lotan, 2014).

N.B. To cite a source you found in another source, you must acknowledge all the authors.
• The author(s) of the source referred to i.e. Gould, 1981
• The author(s) of the work which contains the original source i.e. Cohen & Lotan, 2014
In the reference list, only the book by Cohen & Lotan should be acknowledged. Do not list Gould.

At the end of your assignment, you are required to provide the full bibliographic information for each source. References must be listed in alphabetical order by author.

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EXAMPLES OF REFERENCES BY TYPE

N.B. If a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is available, include it at the end of the reference. A DOI is a unique code assigned to an online scholarly/academic publication.

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1. Book or ebook with one author

In a reference list

Walker, R. (1990). Ka whawhai tonu mātou: Struggle without end. Penguin.

N.B. The first letter of the first word of the main title, subtitle and all proper nouns have capital letters.
New: Publisher locations (city/state/country) are no longer required. For ebooks, include both the publisher and a DOI (if available).

In-text citation

(Walker, 1990) or

Walker (1990) stated …

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2. Book or ebook with two authors

In a reference list

Bromiley, P., & Rau, D. (2017). Behavioral strategic management. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315232980

N.B. Before “&” between authors, do not forget to put a comma.
New: Publisher locations (city/state/country) are no longer required. For ebooks, include both the publisher and a DOI (if available).

In-text citation

(Bromiley & Rau, 2017) or
Bromiley and Rau (2017) said …

When paraphrasing in text, use and, not &.

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3. Book or ebook with three or more authors

In a reference list

Krause, K.-L., Bochner, S., & Duchesne, S. (2006). Educational psychology for learning and teaching (2nd ed.). Thomson.

New: Publisher locations (City/State/Country) are no longer required. For ebooks, include both the publisher and a DOI (if available).

In-text citation

(Krause et al., 2006) or
Krause et al. (2006) stated …

New: For three or more authors, cite only the first author followed by et al.

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4. Book or report by group author e.g. organisation, association, government department

In a reference list

International Labour Organization. (2007). Equality at work: Tackling the challenges (International Labour Conference report #ILC07-567).

N.B. In text, some group authors may be abbreviated in subsequent citations if they are readily recognisable.
New: When the author and the publisher are the same, omit the publisher from the reference. Publisher locations (City/State/Country) are no longer required. For ebooks, include both the publisher and a DOI (if available).

In-text citation

(International Labour Organization, 2007) or

If abbreviating the author’s name, in the first citation

(International Labour Organization [ILO], 2007), then (ILO, 2007)

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5. Book chapter in edited book

In a reference list

Kestly, T. (2010). Group sandplay in elementary schools. In A. A. Drewes & C. E. Shaefer (Eds.), School-based play therapy (2nd ed., pp. 257-282). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118269701

N.B. Include the page numbers of the chapter after the book title.
New: Publisher locations (City/State/Country) are no longer required. For ebooks, include both the publisher and a DOI (if available).

In-text citation

(Kestly, 2010) or
Kestly (2010) compares educational settings of ..

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6. Course handout/Lecture notes (electronic version)

In a reference list

Archard, S., Merry, R., & Nicholson, C. (2011). Karakia and waiata [PowerPoint slides]. Moodle. http://elearn.waikato.ac.nz/mod/resource/view.php?id=174650

N.B. Put format in square brackets - e.g. [Lecture notes] [Panopto video]. This referencing format should be used only for your assignments.
New: Include the site name (e.g. Moodle, Blackboard).

In-text citation

(Archard et al., 2011) or
Archard et al. (2011) discuss that …

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7. Video (e.g. YouTube)

In a reference list

University of Waikato Library. (2017, September 18). APA referencing [Video]. YouTube. https://URL….

N.B. Use the uploader’s name as the author.
New: Include the site name (e.g. YouTube, Dailymotion).

In-text citation

(University of Waikato Library, 2017) or
University of Waikato Library (2017) demonstrates …

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8.  Journal article (academic/scholarly)

In a reference list

Cavenagh, N., & Ramadurai, R. (2017). On the distances between Latin squares and the smallest defining set size. Journal of Combinatorial Designs, 25(4), 147-158. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcd.21529

N.B. Retain original punctuation of titles. A capital letter is used for key words in the journal title. The journal title and volume number are italicised, followed by the issue number in brackets (not italicised).
N.B. When information is missing, e.g. DOI, issue number etc., omit it.

In-text citation

(Cavenagh & Ramadurai, 2017) or
Cavenagh and Ramadurai (2017) recommend …

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9. Magazine – popular/trade/general interest

In a reference list

Goodwin, D. K. (2002, February 4). How I caused that story. Time, 159(5), 69.

N.B. Full date is used if published weekly; month and year if monthly.

In-text citation

(Goodwin, 2002) or
Goodwin (2002) defends …

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10. Newspaper article

In a reference list

Gluckman, P., & Hanson, M. (2019, November 30). Are humans too ingenious for our own good? New Zealand Herald. https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12288685

N.B. Provide the URL if the article was from the newspaper’s actual website.
New: If the article is from a news website (e.g. Stuff), without an associated daily or weekly newspaper, use the format for a webpage instead.

In-text citation

(Gluckman & Hanson, 2019) or
Gluckman and Hanson (2019) report that …

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11. Personal Communication

In a reference list

N.B. Information such as letters, phone conversations, emails, & private social networks is called “Personal Communication”, and no reference list entry is required

In-text citation

(W. Bush, personal communication, May 8, 2019)

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12. Reference book – dictionary or encyclopedia entry

In a reference list

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Climate change. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/climate%20change

N.B. (n.d.) = no date. If no author stated, the entry’s title takes the author position.

In-text citation

(Merriam-Webster, 2016) or
Merriam-Webster (2016) state …

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13. Webpage

In a reference list

Patel, V. (2019, November 11). Where was ‘The Mandalorian’ filmed? TheCinemaholic. https://www.thecinemaholic.com/where-was-the-mandalorian-filmed/
Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. (n.d.). Supporting Māori tourism. https://www.mbie.govt.nz/immigration-and-tourism/tourism/tourism-projects/supporting-maori-tourism/

N.B. The basic format is: (1) Author (could be a group e.g. government department). (2) Date. (3) Title. (4) Website name and URL.
New: Include the website name. If the author is the same as the website name, leave the website name out. Use the most specific date possible, year; year and month; or year, month and day. Use either date of publication or latest update.

In-text citation

If abbreviating the author’s name, in the first citation

Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE, n.d.)

then

It is “…” (MBIE, n.d., para. 3)

For direct quote, cite the paragraph number in text

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